Gurjaspreet K. Bhattal M.D.,a Ki E. Park, M.D.,a,b David E.Winchester M.D., M.S.a,b
aUniversity of Florida Health, bMalcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center (North Florida South Georgia VAMC)
Funding:
This material is the result of work supported with resources and the use of facilities at the Malcom Randall Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Dr. David Winchester is supported by VA HSR&D Career Development Award 13-023.
This work does not represent the official views of the US Government.
Disclosures:
Gurjaspreet K. Bhattal has no disclosures or conflicts of interest.
Ki E. Park has no disclosures or conflicts of interest.
David E. Winchester has no disclosures or conflicts of interest.
IRB Exemption:
In accordance with Veterans Affairs Handbook 1058.05, this quality improvement project was determined by the VA medical service chief to not qualify as human subjects research. As such, this project was not reviewed by our institutional review.
Abstract:
Introduction:
Cardiac rehabilitation after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) safely improves exercise tolerance, functional independence, and quality of life. However, barriers such as transportation, cost, limited access to rehabilitation programs prohibits participation. In 2010, the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (VAMC) started a 12-week home-based cardiac rehabilitation (HBCR) program at thirteen sites around the country to increase participation by reducing such barriers. We present the findings of HBCR in post-TAVR patients from the VAMC in Gainesville, FL.
Methods:
Fifty-nine patients who underwent TAVR between 2015 to 2018 at the Gainesville VA were offered HBCR. Forty-one patients enrolled, 28 completed the program and 14 completed the surveys. We used various performance measures including Life’s Simple 7 survey, 6-Minute Walk (6-MW), Duke Activity Survey Index (DASI) and Short Form-36 (SF-36) health survey to assess the pre and post-HBCR changes in emotional, functional, physical well-being of the patients.
Results:
Paired comparison of pre and post-HBCR using Wilcoxon Signed Rank test revealed statistically significant difference in the pre and post-HBCR scores for DASI, DASI-Mets and SF-36 physical functioning (p-values 0.05, 0.034, 0.016 respectively), suggesting an improvement in the patients’ physical functioning after participating in the HBCR program.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, our pilot study offers a novel insight into the role of HBCR in improving physical health and well-being in post-TAVR patients while eliminating the barriers of transportation and access to programs.
Key Words: Aortic Valve Replacement, Cardiac Rehabilitation, Home-based cardiac rehabilitation, TAVR
Introduction:
Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is recommended in both intermediate and high-risk patients with severe symptomatic or asymptomatic aortic stenosis [1]. Since its approval in 2011, more than 260,000 TAVRs have been performed on patients who are high-risk for sAVRs. As such, the role of cardiac rehabilitation in restoring functional capacity after TAVR has been widely studied. Several studies have shown an improvement in exercise tolerance, functional independence, and quality of life in post-TAVR patients who participated in cardiac rehabilitation (2-6). However, lack of transportation and limited access to rehabilitation programs prohibit participation in cardiac rehab [7]. To increase participation by reducing such barriers, the veterans affairs medical center (VAMC) started a 12-week-long, physician-supervised, nurse-managed home-based cardiac rehab (HBCR) program in 2010 for patients with a broad range of cardiovascular disease conditions. In our prospective, single center, one-arm study, we sought to assess the functional status of 14 patients who completed HBCR after TAVR between 2015 to 2018 via the VAMC in Gainesville, a major referral center for TAVRs in the VA system.
Methods:
Fifty-nine patients who underwent TAVR at NFSG VAMC from 2015-2018 were offered HBCR program at time of discharge. 41 enrolled, 28 completed the program and 14 of those completed the surveys (Table 1). Of the patients who participated in the program, two were females. The geographical locations of participants are shown in Figure 1. No other baseline characteristics or lab values were collected as a part of this pilot study.
Inclusion criteria for enrollment in HBCR included age greater than 18 years, TAVR within 12 months, and ability to read, write, and fill-out questionnaires. Exclusion criteria were inability to attend daily exercise, complex ventricular arrhythmias, resting systolic blood pressure greater than 200mmHg and diastolic blood pressure greater than 100mmHg, decompensated congestive heart failure, history of arrhythmia with syncope, severe symptomatic untreated valvular disease, unstable angina, dementia or other higher cognitive impairment limiting participation, and life expectancy of less than one year.
All eligible patients were referred for HBCR at time of discharge and the program lasted for 12-weeks. Participants filled out a baseline assessment questionnaire prior to participation indicating their functional capacity. Individualized plans including strength, aerobic, and balance exercises were then created for each participant based on their capacity and goals. A basic starting plan is shown below:
Exercise prescriptionMode: Aerobic/Walking/PeddlingFrequency: 3 days per week
Duration: 5 minutes Intensity: Light Progression: As tolerated |
Resistance Exercise:Resistance/Weight: Stretching/TherabandsRepetitions: 3-5 minutes or 5-10 reps
Progression: As tolerated |
Equipment such as resistance bands, peddler, pedometer, BP cuff, and scale were provided for use at home. Pedometer was used to track steps while walking, a stationary peddler was used for upper or lower extremity exercise, and resistance bands were used for strengthening exercises. Under weekly telephone supervision from a nurse, participants performed up to 2 hours of physical exercise at home per day. Education about healthy diet, food preparation, and logging intake of food was also provided. Furthermore, counseling on smoking cessation, stress management, and psychosocial consultation was also provided via weekly telephone calls.
Various performance measures including Life’s Simple 7 survey, 6-Minute Walk (6-MW), Duke Activity Survey Index (DASI) and Short Form-36 (SF-36) health survey were used to assess the pre and post-HBCR changes in emotional, functional, physical well-being of the patients.
- The Life’s Simple 7-survey is a health metric which includes 7 components and 18 questions about smoking status, physical activity, healthy diet score, body mass index, blood pressure, total cholesterol and blood fasting glucose (8). The scoring range for this test is 0 to 14. Each category receives a score of 0, 1 or 2 for quality of health – 0 being poor, 1 being intermediate, and 2 being ideal.
- 6-MW test was used to measure the patient’s submaximal exercise capacity by measuring the distance a patient can quickly walk on a flat, hard surface in a period of 6 minutes (9). The outcome is measured in feet.
- DASI is a 12-item questionnaire used to measure functional capacity such as personal care, ambulation, household tasks, sexual function, and recreation (10). Each item in this questionnaire is weight based and the “yes” responses add-up to make the final score. The higher the score, the better the functional status. Scores range between zero to 58.2. The DASI-Mets range is between zero to 9.89.
- The SF-36 is a patient self-reported questionnaire to evaluate 8 domains including patients’ physical functioning (PF), physical role limitation due to physical health (RP) and physical role limitation due to emotional problems (RE), social functioning (SF), bodily pain (BP), mental health (MH), vitality (VT) and general health (GH). Scoring of each domain is calculated independently and scores range from 0 to 100; the lower the score the greater the disability (11).
SPSS version 22 was used for data analysis. Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to generate paired-comparisons. P-value, <0.05 was considered significant. Resources and facilities were provided by the Malcom Randall Veterans Affairs Medical Center. In accordance with Veterans Affairs Handbook 1058.05, this quality improvement project was determined to not qualify as human subjects’ research. As such, this project was not reviewed by our institutional review.
Results:
After 12-weeks of HBCR, 14 out of the 28 who participated in the program completed all the questionnaires. Paired comparisons using the Wilcoxon signed test are listed in Table 2.
Notable findings include:
- Life’s simple 7 survey revealed no significant change.
- The median score for pre-HBCR DASI survey was 14.3 while the post-HBCR median score was 24.2 with a p-value of 0.050. Additionally, DASI-mets score before was HBCR was 4.5 which improved to 5.7 (maximum score 9.89) with a p-value of 0.034.
- Among the subcategories of SF-36, statistically significant improvement was noted in the physical functioning domain with median score increasing to 62.5 after HBCR from 30 before (p-value of 0.016).
- While not statistically significant, an absolute increase in score from 49.8 to 100 was noted in the physical role limitation due to emotional problems (RE) domain of SF-36 indicating an overall improvement in this category post-rehabilitation.
- The statistical analysis for physical role limitation due to physical health (RP) was not valid because this survey category was not consistently filled out by participants before and after HBCR.
- The bodily pain (BP) domain noted a slight increase in post-HBCR median score from 51.5 to 57.5.
- A Wilcoxon paired test was not performed for the 6MW test since only 6 of 14 patients completed the clinic visit for post-HBCR, 6-MW test. The mean 6-MW distance for these 6 patients before HBCR was 584 feet and post-HBCR mean 6-MW score was 620 feet.
Discussion:
According to the 2017 focused update of AHA guidelines, TAVR is recommended for both intermediate and high-risk surgical candidates with severe symptomatic aortic stenosis [1]. The American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation (AACVPR) recommends cardiac rehabilitation for patients with myocardial infarction, coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG), percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), chronic stable angina, peripheral arterial disease (PAD), and stable systolic heart failure patients [12]. However, no guidelines exist for cardiac rehabilitation, including home-based options, for post-TAVR patients despite various studies showing that it prolongs survival, reduces re-admission rates, and improves overall functional status in this patient population [1-4]. A more recent 2019 meta-analysis which included both sAVR and TAVR patients also reported a probable improvement in the exercise capacity of these patients after cardiac rehabilitation [6].
While the benefits of cardiac rehabilitation are well-known, most programs are based either in a hospital or an outpatient center. As such, factors such as lack of transportation, time away from work, and access to rehabilitation programs present major barriers to participation in cardiac rehab [13]. To mitigate these barriers, physician-led, nurse-supervised home-based cardiac rehabilitation programs were started at several VAMCs throughout the country. Individualized exercise plans were created for the patients based on their capacity and goals and needed equipment was provided for use at home. Additionally, education about diet, smoking cessation, and stress management was also provided via weekly telephone calls. We studied the functional outcomes of 14 patients who completed HBCR at North Florida South Georgia VAMC in Gainesville, FL. Various performance measures mentioned in the methods section were used for this assessment.
Per the latest statistics released by the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, women make up 10% of the veterans [14]. This is in close alignment with the percentage of women in our study population, 14% (2 out of 14 patients). Given the subjectivity and personal onus involved in the completion of surveys, it is not entirely surprising that only half (14 out of 28) the veterans who finished the HBCR program filled the surveys. Additionally, due to the remote nature of the program and the scattered locations of our patients across 2 states (as shown in Figure 1), we did not require all participants to drive back to clinic to complete the 6-MW test. As a result, only 6 of the 14 patients completed the post-HBCR 6-MW test while the remaining 8 completed the program via telephone. The mean 6-MW distance for these 6 patients before HBCR was 584 feet and mean distance after HBCR was 620 feet. Due to limitation of sample size, Wilcoxon signed comparison was not performed for the 6-MW test.
Paired-comparisons using the Wilcoxon signed rank test for pre- and post-HBCR analysis revealed a trend towards significance for the DASI score (p-value 0.05) and significant differences in the DASI-mets scores and SF-36 physical functioning scores (p-values 0.034 and 0.016 respectively. While the study population is limited, the consistency of subjective improvement in physical functioning across various instruments suggests that HBCR may play an important role in improving the physical well-being of patients after TAVR despite being an entirely home-based endeavor.
No significant difference was noted in the results of Life’s Simple 7 survey and other domains of SF-36 instrument. There was a slight increase in bodily pain reported by patients from 51 to 57 but the difference can be attributed to the subjective variation in participants’ answers over several weeks. Finally, the results of physical limitation due to physical health (RP) domain of SF-36 were invalid as only 3 patients completed this survey category prior to HBCR while 6 filled it out after HBCR. Therefore, the median was zero resulting in no statistically significant result.
Due to the scarcity of home-based cardiac rehabilitation (HBCR) programs in the country, the data on their efficacy is scant. While this pilot study is limited in its capacity to draw major conclusions due to a small population size; it does offer valuable insights into the role of HBCR in improving physical functioning in post-TAVR patients. Furthermore, it allowed our patients, living throughout the state of Florida and Georgia, to participate in cardiac rehabilitation on their own schedule, with the equipment provided by the VA in the comforts of their own homes thereby eliminating the need to travel far distances to access a facility-based rehab program.
The 2018 SPORT:TAVI randomized pilot study demonstrated that in the absence of continued exercise, the beneficial effects of cardiac rehabilitation are not sustained beyond the initial period [15]. While unexplored, the flexibility of time and location offered by HBCR may result in increased adherence and lasting long-term benefits among participants. This could be a future direction for investigation.
This pilot study gives significant insight into the role of HBCR in improving physical functioning of post-TAVR patients. However, due to limitation of population size, the data from this study is more suggestive rather than conclusive. Further studies, specifically randomized multicenter control trials with direct comparisons of HBCR to existing rehabilitation options are necessary to validate this data.
Acknowledgements:
Contributorship:
All named authors meet the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) criteria
for authorship for this article, take responsibility for the integrity of the work as a whole, and have given their approval for this version to be published. No deserving authors have been omitted.
This material is the result of work supported with resources and the use of facilities at the Malcom Randall Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Dr. David Winchester is supported by VA HSR&D Career Development Award 13-023.
We thank the participants of this study.
References:
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Tables:
Table 1. Patient characteristics for post-TAVR Home-Based Cardiac Rehabilitation (HBCR) Program | |
Patients offered HBCR | 59 |
Number enrolled | 41 (69% of total) |
Number declined HBCR program | 18 (31% of offered) |
Number completed HBCR program | 28 (68% of enrolled) |
Number of males | 26 (92% of those who completed the program) |
Table 2. Paired Pre and Post-HBCR Comparisons of Physical and Emotional functionality in TAVR patients | ||||||
Instrument | Scoring | Median Scores and Interquartile Range (IQR) (n=14) | Wilcoxon Signed Rank Testp-values* | |||
Pre-HBCRMedian | Pre-HBCRIQR | Post-HBCRMedian | Post-HBCRIQR | |||
Simple-7 | 0-10 | 6.0 | 1.8 | 7.0 | 2.5 | 0.281 |
DASI | 0-58.2 | 14.3 | 22.2 | 24.2 | 17.4 | 0.050 |
DASI-Mets | 0-9.89 | 4.5 | 2.7 | 5.7 | 2.1 | 0.034 |
SF-36 | 0-100 per domain | |||||
SF-36 Domains | ||||||
PF | (Physical Functioning) | 30 | 42.5 | 62.5 | 28.8 | 0.016 |
RP | (Physical Role Limitationdue to physical health) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 43.8 | 0.107 |
BP | (Bodily Pain) | 51.5 | 34.4 | 57.5 | 22.5 | 0.314 |
GH | (General Health) | 40.0 | 44.7 | 51.1 | 23.8 | 0.727 |
VT | (Vitality) | 42.5 | 28.8 | 50 | 22.5 | 0.309 |
SF | (Social Functioning) | 75 | 43.8 | 93.7 | 46.9 | 0.282 |
RE | (Physical Role Limitation due to emotional problems) | 49.8 | 100 | 100 | 33.3 | 0.094 |
MH | (Mental Health) | 76 | 34 | 80 | 26 | 0.888 |
Abbreviations
HBCR: Home-Based Cardiac Rehabilitation
TAVR: Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement
6-MW: 6-Minute Walk test
DASI: Duke Activity Status Index
SF-36: Short-Form Health Survey -36
*p-value < 0.05 considered significant
Figure legend:
Figure 1. Geographical distribution of patients who completed home-based cardiac rehab (HBCR) program after TAVR at Malcom Randall VAMC.